Empty tomb, resurrection, apotheosis / John Granger Cook. [print]

Introduction : Resurrection Language The question of apologetics for (or subversion of) the Gospel The Semantics of yqs, qys, qum, and hyh The Semantics of [egeiro] (egeiro) and [anistemi] (anistemi) Meaning and usage Usage for bodily resurrection and the passive of [egeiro] Not used with [psyche] or [pneuma] for res : until Gnosticism The Semantics of [zoopoieo] and [zao] Latin expressions for resurrection Resurrection in Zoroastrianism Scribenda Resurrection of divinities Some methodological reflections Dying and rising gods Myth and ritual Justin and other patristic writers on Jesus and Greek myths Dumuzi (Tammuz) Baal Osiris Adonis The myth of Adonis The Adonis Gardens Lucian and the resurrection of Adonis Christian traditions about Adonis The Levantine background Iconography Attis Classical sources Hippolytus, Firmicus Maternus, and Servius Auctus The Hilaria and the iconography of Attis The Attis cult in late antiquity Melqart, Heracles Dionysus Asclepius Eshmun Mithras Conclusion Resurrection accounts in Greek and Latin Classical Greek texts The improbability of resurrection Heracles and Alcestis, and Epiphanius's response Heracles, Theseus, and Pirithous Glaucus The Magi Democritus Alexander the Great and resurrection The Germans and resurrection Asclepius Pelops Aesop Er, Antyllus, and the man from Soli Aelian Aelius Aristides : Eupolis and other examples of resurrection Crates Polyaenus (II C.E.) Artemidorus Aeneas of Gaza Iolaus Tylos Lucian Achilles Tatius Apollonius of Tyana A magic recipe for resurrection Favorinus (ca 85-155 C.E.) Cyranides Libanius Proclus The resurrection of Jesus in Paganism Resurrection in classical Latin texts Terence Cicero Livy Ovid Vitruvius Valerius Maximus Pliny the Elder Hyginus Resurrection in early Christian inscriptions The Hypogeum on via Dino Compagni (Via Latina Catacomb) Conclusion Tombs and post-mortem appearances Empty tombs with subsequent appearances Aristeas Romulus Zalmoxis Callirhoe Xenophon, Anuria and Habrocomes Antonius Diogenes, the wonders beyond Thule Philinnion of Amphipolis Occupied tombs and subsequent appearances Protesilaos Eunostus Empty tombs with no subsequent appearances Numa Pompilius Cleomedes Alcmene The Apostle John A Christian Dyer Symeon the fool Conclusion Translations and Apotheoses of heroes Immortal bodies Translations Legendary figures Historical figures Vibia and Vincentius : Tomb in the Catacomb of Praetextatus Conclusion Apotheoses of emperors Consecratio and funeral Consecratio Funerals The missing funeral of Germanicus Poppaea Sabina's funeral Funerals for slaves and permitted second funerals Pertinax's funeral ThefFuneral of Septimius Severus The significance of the wax images Eagles and witnesses of Apotheoses Apotheoses of emperors Julius Caesar Augustus Claudius Nero Vespasian Titus Trajan Hadrian and Sabina Antoninus Pius Conclusion Resurrection in Jewish texts Hebrew Bible and Septuagint Psalm 87 LXX Isaiah Jeremiah Daniel Hosea 2 Maccabees Job This worldly resurrections Inscriptions Ethiopic Enoch The Book of Watchers The Similitudes of Enoch The Epistle of Enoch 108 : The Final Enochic Book Other Pseudepigrapha Psalms of Solomon Jubilees Syrian Baruch 4 Ezra Sibylline oracles Lives of the prophets Testament of Abraham Life of Adam and Eve Pseudo Philo, The Biblical Antiquities The sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides Testaments of the twelve patriarchs Josephus Qumran The eighteen benedictions Targumic and Rabbinic literature Targums Mishnah and Tosefta Sanhedrin Abot de Rabbi Nathan : The Origin of the Sadducees Elijah and the resurrection of the dead Tosefta Berakhot and B. Ketubbot : The blessing of the dead Sife Deuteronomy Sifra Babylonian Talmud : Tractate Sanhedrin The self evidence of resurrection in born Berakot Genesis Rabbah on resurrection and healing Talmudic Texts on resurrection in Jerusalem Rabbi Jacob : Rewards in the Torah and resurrection Resurrection for the righteous Hosea 6:2 and the resurrection of the dead Resurrection and the pangs of the Messiah The dew of resurrection in the seventh heaven The days of the Messiah : Pesiqta Rabbati Midrash Aleph Bet : The 7 trumpet blasts and the resurrection The sufferings of the Messiah and resurrection Resurrection and the Frescoes of Dura Europos The Toledot Yeshu Conclusion Empty tomb, resurrection, and translation Resurrection in 1 Cor 15 and the problem of an empty tomb 1 Thess 4:17 : Bodies not abandoned on the ground 1 Corinthians 15 Phil 3:21 Summary of the argument Possible objections Empty tomb and resurrection in Mark The resurrection and ascension of Jesus in Q and Luke Q 13:34-35 Resurrection in Luke 24 Luke' s ascension narratives Conclusion Conclusion : empty tomb, resurrection, and Apotheosis Images Bibliography Ancient sources Databases, CDRoms, websites Scholarship Sources Greco-Roman texts Biblical literature Second Temple literature Targumic and Rabbinic literature Magica and other Papyri Coins, inscriptions, and other archaeological resources Near Eastern texts Images index Ancient individuals Modern authors Subjects and terminology.

Ancient and modern scholars have written many thousands of pages on resurrection in the New Testament. Fewer have examined the theme in both pagan and Jewish texts, however, and the topic remains inherently fascinating. John Granger Cook argues for two primary hypotheses: First, there is no fundamental difference between Paul's conception of the resurrection body and that of the Gospels; and second, the resurrection and translation stories of Greco-Roman antiquity probably help explain the willingness of Mediterranean people to gradually accept the Gospel of a crucified and risen savior. The use of egeiro, wake/rise) and istemi, rise) and the bodily nature of resurrection in ancient Judaism and paganism warrant the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis is more speculative, but the Christian apologists' comparisons of pagan narratives with those of the New Testament renders it feasible. Link to source of summary

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In English; includes text in Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin.