The authoritarian personality / by T.W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, R. Nevitt Sanford ; in collaboration with Betty Aron, Maria Hertz Levinson and William Morrow ; with a new introduction by Peter E. Gordon. [print]

"Copyright American Jewish Committee."

Part one. The measurement of ideological trends

Mack: a man high on ethnocentrism

Larry: a man low on ethnocentrism

Analysis of the two cases: Ideology concerning the Jews -- General ethnocentrism -- Politics -- Religion -- Vocation and income

The study of anti-Semitic ideology

Construction of the Anti-Semitism (A-S) Scale: General rules in item formulation -- Major subdivisions or areas: the subscales -- The total Anti-Semitism (A-S) Scale

Results: statistical analysis of the scale: Reliability -- Intercorrelations of the subscales -- Internal consistency: statistical analysis of the individual items

The short form of the A-S Scale

Validation by case studies: the responses of Mack and Larry on the A-S Scale

Discussion: the structure of anti-Semitic ideology)

The study of ethnocentric ideology

Construction of the Ethnocentrism (E) Scale: The Total Ethnocentrism (E) Scale

Second form of the E Scale

The inclusion of anti-Semitism within general ethnocentrism: The third form of the E Scale -- The fourth form of the E Scale -- A suggested final E Scale

Validation by case studies: the responses of Mack and Larry on the E Scale

Conclusions: The structure of ethnocentric ideology

Politico-economic ideology and group memberships in relation to ethnocentrism

Construction of the Politico-Economic Conservatism (PEC) Scale: Some major trends in contemporary Liberalism and Conservatism -- The initial PEC Scale -- The second PEC Scale -- The third PEC Scale

Discussion: some patterns of contemporary Liberalism and Conservatism -- The relation between ethnocentrism and Conservatism

Validation by case studies: the responses of Mack and Larry on the PEC Scale

The relation between ethnocentrism and membership in various political and economic groupings

Ethnocentrism in relation to some religious attitudes and practices

Results: Religious group memberships -- "Importance" of religion and the church

The measurement of implicit antidemocratic trends

(Construction of the Fascism (F) Scale: The underlying theory -- The formulation of scale items

Results with successive forms of the F Scale: Statistical properties of the preliminary scale -- Item analysis and revision of the preliminary scale -- The second F Scale -- The third F scale

Correlations of the F Scale with E and with PEC

Difference in mean F-Scale score among various groups

Validation by case studies: the F-Scale responses of Mack and Larry

Ethnocentrism in relation to intelligence and education.

Part two. Personality as revealed through clinical interviews

The interviews as an approach to the prejudiced personality

Introduction: Comparison of groups

Selection of subjects for the interviews: Basis of selection -- Representiveness of the interviewees -- Approaching the interviewees

The interviewers

Scope and technique of the interview: General plan -- "Underlying" and "manifest" questions -- General instructions for the interviewers

The interviewer schedule: Vocation -- Income -- Religion -- Clinical data -- Politics -- Minorities and "race"

The scoring of the interview: Quantification of interview data -- Broad outline of categories in the interview scoring manual -- The interview rating procedure and the raters -- Reliability of the interview ratings -- Minimization halo-effects in rating the interviews -- Tabulation of interview ratings by categories: statistical significance

Parents and childhood as seen through the interviews

Attitudes toward parents and conception of the family: Definition of rating categories and quantitative results -- Idealization vs. objective appraisal of parents -- Genuineness of affect -- Feeling of victimization -- Submission vs. principled independence -- Dependence for things vs. dependence for love -- Ingroup orientation to the family

Conceptions of childhood environment -- Image of the father in men: distant and stern vs. relaxed and mild -- Image of the father in women: the role of provider -- Image of the mother: sacrifice, moralism, restrictiveness -- Parental conflict -- Father-dominated vs. mother -orientated home -- Discipline: harsh application of rules vs. assimilation of principles

Childhood events and attitudes toward siblings: Attitudes towards siblings -- Childhood events -- Status concern

Sex, people, and self as seen through the interviews

Attitude towards sex: Status via sex -- Moralistic rejection of instinctual tendencies -- "Pure" vs. "bad" women -- Ego-alien ambivalence vs. "fondness" -- Exploitive manipulation for power -- Conventionality vs. individualism

Attitude toward people: Moralistic condemnation vs. permissiveness -- Extrapunitiveness -- World as jungle -- Hierarchical vs. equalitarian conception of human relations -- Dependence for things -- Manipulation vs. libidinization of people and genuine work adjustment -- Social status vs. intrinsic worth in friendship

Attitude toward present self: Self-glorification vs. objective appraisal -- Masculinity and femininity -- Conventionalism and moralism -- Conformity of self and ideal -- Denial of sociopsychological causation -- Property as extension of self

Conception of childhood self: "Difficult" child -- Blandness vs. adult-orientation -- Contrasting picture of childhood and present -- Summary of attitude toward present self and general self

Dynamic and cognitive personality organization as seen through the interviews

Dynamic character structure: Orality and anality -- Dependence -- Aggression -- Ambivalence -- Identification -- Superego -- Strength of the ego -- Distortion of reality -- Physical symptoms

Cognitive personality organization: Rigidity -- Negative attitude toward science -- Superstition -- Anti-intraceptiveness and autism -- Suggestibility

Comprehensive scores and summary of interview results

(The discriminatory powers of the major areas studied

Valitity of over-all scores and ratings of the interviews

Summary of the personality patterns derived from the interviews -- Repression vs. awareness -- Externalization vs. internalization -- Conventionalism vs. genuineness -- Power vs. love-orientation -- Rigidity vs. flexibility -- Problems of adjustment -- Some genetic aspects -- Cultural outlook

Part three. Personality as revealed through projective material

The thematic apperception test in the study of prejudiced and unprejudiced individuals

Testing procedure

Method of analysis of the story protocols: The Murray-Sanford scheme

The T.A.T.S of Mack and Larry: Larry's stories -- Mack's stories -- Analysis of the stories

Projective questions in the study of personality and ideology

Quantification by means of scoring categories

Scoring manual: categories of projective question response

Results: Reliability of scoring -- Projective questions scores in relation to standing on the E scale -- Validation my means of case studies: Mack and Larry

Conclusions: General ego functioning -- Specific properties of the ego -- Achievement values vs. conventional values -- The handling of dependency as an underlying trend -- The handling of other trends

Part four. Qualitative studies of ideology. Prejudice in the interview material

The "functional" character of anti-Semitism

The imaginary foe

Anti-Semitism for what?

Two kinds of Jews

The anti-Semite's dilemma

Prosecutor as judge

The misfit bourgeois

Observation on low-scoring subjects)

Politics and economics in the interview material

Formal constituents of political thinking: Ignorance and confusion -- Ticket thinking and personalization in politics -- Surface ideology and real opinion -- Pseudoconservatism -- The usurpation complex -- F.D.R. -- Bureaucrats and politicians -- There will be no utopia -- No pity for the poor -- Education instead of social change

Some political and economic topics: Unions -- Business and government -- Political issues close to the subjects -- Foreign policy and Russia -- Communism

Some aspects of religious ideology as revealed in the interview material

Specific issues: The function of religion in high and low scorers -- Belief in God, disbelief in immortality -- The irreligious low scorer -- Religious low scorer

Types and syndromes

Syndromes found among high scorers: Surface resentment -- The "conventional" syndrome -- The "authoritarian" syndrome -- The rebel and the psychopath -- The crank -- The "manipulative" type

Syndromes found among low scorers: The "rigid" low scorer -- The "protesting" low scorer -- The "impulsive" low scorer -- The "easy-going" low scorer -- The genuine liberal

Part five. Applications to individuals and to special groups -- Genetic aspects of the authoritarian personality: case studies of two contrasting individuals

The case of Mack: Environmental forces and events -- Deeper personality needs -- Dynamics of surface behavior and attitudes

The contrasting case of Larry

Criminality and antidemocratic trends: a study of prison inmates

Ethnocentrism: Ideology concerning Black people: a submerged outgroup -- Ideology concerning Jews: a supposed "dominant" outgroup

Politico-economic attitudes

Morals and religion

Defenses against weakness

Heterosexuality

Anti-intraceptiveness and childhood

Attitudes to parents

"Criminality" in high and low scorers

Psychological ill health in relation to potential fascism: a study of psychiatric clinic patients

Relationship of ethnocentrism to various psychiatric classifications: Ethnocentrism in relation to neurosis and psychosis -- Ethnocentrism in relation to specific diagnostic categories

Ethnocentrism in relation to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Personality trends as revealed by patients' "statement of problem" in the first psychiatric interview

Clinical pictures and personalities of high and low scorers.

Written in the shadow of Fascism and the Holocaust, this study looked to analyze the rise of Fascism in Europe through the specific psychological traits that make people prone to authoritarianism. Based on extensive empirical studies of Americans conducted by a team which included the leading member of the Frankfurt School Theodor Adorno, this book ranked a range of character traits on what it called the 'F scale' (F for fascist). These included conventionalism, anti-intellectualism, superstition and occultism, power and toughness, destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and exaggerated concerns over sex. One of the most influential works of social psychology ever written, it also marks a milestone in the development of Adorno's thought, showing him grappling with the problem of fascism and the reasons for Europe's turn to reaction. Over half a century later and with the rise of right-wing populism and the reemergence of the far-right in recent years, this influential study remains as relevant as ever. This new edition includes an introduction by Frankfurt School scholar Peter E. Gordon and contains the first-ever publication of Adorno's subsequent critical notes on the project. --Adapted from publisher description.

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