Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.

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Includes bibliographies and index.

LIST OF FIGURES; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; Chapter I. INTRODUCTION; Chapter II. MESA VERDE REGION - DEFINITION, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH; II.1. DEFINITION AND BORDERS OF THE CENTRAL MESA VERDE REGION; II.2. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT; II.3. HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH; II.4. PUEBLO CULTURE IN THE MESA VERDE REGION AND BEYOND - AN OUTLINE; Chapter III. DEFINING AND INTERPRETING DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE; III.1. THEORY AND DIFFERENT VIEWS ON DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE IN NON-STATE SOCIETIES; III.1.1. Defensive architecture as a response to threat

III.1.2. Defensive architecture as evidence of social changes and economic powerIII.2. DEFINING MESA VERDEAN DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE; III.3. EXAMPLES OF DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE IN DIFFERENT NON-STATE SOCIETIES; III.3.1. Defensive sites in other parts of the Southwest; III.3.2. Defensive architecture in other parts of North America; III.3.3. Defensive sites in prehistoric and early historic central-eastern and southern Europe; Chapter IV. ETHNOGRAPHY, ETHNOHISTORY, AND NATIVE AMERICAN ORAL TRADITIONS CONCERNING DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE AND CONFLICTS IN THE SOUTHWEST; IV.1. ETHNOHISTORIC RECORDS

IV.1.1. Location of sitesIV.1.2. Evidence of defensive architecture; IV.1.3. Information on confl icts and warfare; IV.2. ETHNOGRAPHY; IV.2.1. Location of sites; IV.2.2. Evidence of defensive architecture; IV.2.3. Information on confl icts and warfare; IV.3. ORAL TRADITIONS; IV.3.1. Location of sites; IV.3.2. Evidence of defensive architecture; IV.3.3. Information on conflicts and warfare; IV.3.4. Migrations and depopulation of the Mesa Verde region; Chapter V. ANALYSIS OF THE CENTRAL MESA VERDE REGION ARCHITECTURE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY A.D.

V.1. ANALYSIS OF LARGE SITES AND COMMUNITY CENTERS IN THE CENTRAL MESA VERDE REGIONV.1.1. Mesa Verde Proper (Mesa Verde National Park): Chapin Mesa; V.1.2. Mesa Verde Proper (Mesa Verde National Park): Wetherill Mesa; V.1.3. McElmo-Monument; V.2. ANALYSIS OF SITES IN LOWER SAND CANYON LOCALITY (CASTLE ROCK COMMUNITY); V.2.1. Site 5MT1825 (Castle Rock Pueblo); V.2.2. Small sites in Lower Sand Canyon locality; Chapter VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS; VI.1. LOCATION OF SITES AND THEIR ACCESSIBILITY; VI.2. DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE AND SITE LAYOUT; VI.2.1. Walls; VI.2.2. Towers; VI.2.3. Loopholes

VI.2.4. Underground tunnelsVI.3. ACCESS TO WATER; VI.4. SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN THE CASTLE ROCK COMMUNITY; VI.5. WHO WERE THE ATTACKERS?; VI.6. IMPLICATIONS OF DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR THE DEPOPULATION OF THE MESA VERDE REGION; REFERENCES; PHOTOGRAPHS;

Thirteenth century A.D. was a time of many changes and reorganization in the ancient Pueblo world in the Mesa Verde region. Still unresolved are the causes of the migration of Pueblo people from the Mesa Verde region to the south and southeast in the end of the century. The theories most cited and most supported by scientific data include environmental changes, increasing conflict and violence, social changes, and the attraction of a new cult or ideologies from the south. However, it seems that none of these theories can fully explain the total depopulation of the region. One reason often cite.

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