Includes bibliographies and index.

Notes on Contributors; List of Figures; List of Tables; Chapter 1: Introduction; Arab Awakening and€Involvement of€Civil Society; Promising Activism, Innovative Methods, But€No Sustainable Change; Note; Bibliography; Chapter 2: "Dogs of€Wall Street, Let Us Alone": Graffiti in€Cold War Baghdad, 1953; Introduction; Cairo 2011; Suburban Development in€1950s Baghdad, I; Suburban Development in€1950s Baghdad, II; Iraq Between Capitalist West and€Socialist East; Political Resistance in€Cold War Baghdad; Washington's Shifting Policy Toward Iraq; "They Did Not Hide Their Many Doubts."

ConclusionBibliography; Chapter 3: When Pundits Fail: "We Are All Khalid Said" and€the€Challenge of€Democratizing Egypt; A Besieged People; Remembering a€Murder; A Network of€Democracy Activists Prepares the€Ground; The Human Rights Activists; April 6; The Bloggers; Framing: Circles of€Guilt; Step One: Admin Wins the€Trust of€His Network by€Aligning Himself with€Khalid Said and€Making the€Network Feel Valued; Step Two: Admin Introduces Political Figures as€"Good."

Step Three: Admin Identifies Political Figures as€"Bad" and€Shows How They Are Connected with€Each Other in€Widening Circles of€GuiltMobilization; Mobilization By Standing in€Silence; Mobilization Through External Shock; What Went Wrong?; Flawed Expectations in€the€West; The Liberal Inability to€Negotiate and€Deliver; Strong Actors with€Illiberal Values; The Outlook Is Bleak; Notes; Bibliography; Chapter 4: Civil Society and€Political Change in€Contemporary Egypt; Mubarak and€the€Post-Revolutionary Upheavals; A Typology of€Egyptian Civil Society; The Egyptian Regulatory Framework.

The Youth MovementThe Women's Movements; Human Rights Organizations; The Trade Union Movement; Conclusions; Notes; Bibliography; Chapter 5: Social Media and€the€Arab Spring in€Bahrain: From€Mobilization to€Confrontation; Introduction; Literature Review; Methodology: Identity and€Discourse; Case Selection; Results; International Level; Bahrainis and€Patriots; Anti-government Groups; Pro-government Groups; Community Level; Discussion and€Conclusion; Notes; Appendix; Bibliography.

Chapter 6: The Middle Eastern Gender Gap: The€State of€Female Political Participation Before, During and€After the€'Arab Spring'Introduction; Strength in€Digital Numbers and€Equality in€Revolution; Roles of€Politically Active Women; The Political Problem; Women in€Parliament; Outside the€Arab World; The Patriarchy Problem; Measuring Gender Inequality; Challenges; Conclusion; Notes; Bibliography; Chapter 7: The Arab Spring Through a€Libyan Prism: Contagion, Cleavages and€Adverse Transition; Introduction; Conceptual Framework: Cleavage Groups and€Regime Transitions.

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