Orality and literacy : the technologizing of the word / Walter J. Ong, with additional chapters by John Hartley.

1 The orality of language ; The literate mind and the oral past ; Did you say 'oral literature'? ; 2 The modern discovery of primary oral cultures ; Early awareness of oral tradition ; The Homeric question ; Milman Parry's discovery ; Consequent and related work 3 Some psychodynamics of orality ; Sounded word as power and action ; You know what you can recall: mnemonics and formulas ; Further characteristics of orally based thought and expression ; (i) Additive rather than subordinative ; (ii) Aggregative rather than analytic ; (iii) Redundant or 'copious' ; (iv) Conservative or traditionalist ; (v) Close to the human iifeworld ; (vi) Agonistically toned ; (vii) Empathetic and participatory rather than objectively distanced ; (viii) Homeostatic ; (ix) Situational rather than abstract ; Oral memorization ; Verbomotor lifestyle ; The noetic role of heroic 'heavy' figures and of the bizarre ; The interiority of sound ; Orality, community and the sacral ; Words are not signs.

4 Writing restructures consciousness ; The new world of autonomous discourse ; Plato, writing and computers ; Writing is a technology ; What is 'writing' or 'script'? ; Many scripts but only one alphabet ; The onset of literacy ; From memory to written records ; Some dynamics of textuality ; Distance, precision, grapholects and magnavocabularies ; Interactions: rhetoric and the places ; Interactions: learned languages ; Tenaciousness of orality 5 Print, space and closure ; Hearing-dominance yields to sight-dominance ; Space and meaning ; (i) Indexes ; (ii) Books, contents and labels ; (iii) Meaningful surface ; (iv) Typographic space ; More diffuse effects ; Print and closure: intertextuality ; Post-typography: electronics 6 Oral memory, the story line and characterization ; The primacy of the story line ; Narrative and oral cultures ; Oral memory and the story line ; Closure of plot: travelogue to detective story ; The 'round' character, writing and print 7 Some theorems ; Literary history ; New Criticism and Formalism ; Structuralism ; Textualists and deconstructionists ; Speech-act and reader-response theory ; Social sciences, philosophy, biblical studies ; Orality, writing and being human ; 'Media' versus human communication ; The inward turn: consciousness and the text.

Walter J. Ong's classic work provides a fascinating insight into the social effects of oral, written, printed and electronic technologies, and their impact on philosophical, theological, scientific and literary thought. This thirtieth anniversary edition - coinciding with Ong's centenary year - reproduces his best-known and most influential book in full and brings it up to date with two new exploratory essays by cultural writer and critic John Hartley. Hartley provides: A scene-setting chapter that situates Ong's work within the historical and disciplinary context of post-war Americanism and the rise of communication and media studies; A closing chapter that follows up Ong's work on orality and literacy in relation to evolving media forms, with a discussion of recent criticisms of Ong's approach, and an assessment of his concept of the 'evolution of consciousness'; Extensive references to recent scholarship on orality, literacy and the study of knowledge technologies, tracing changes in how we know what we know. These illuminating essays contextualize Ong within recent intellectual history, and display his work's continuing force in the ongoing study of the relationship between literature and the media, as well as that of psychology, education and sociological thought.

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