Forced migrations and refugees in the Mediterranean Basin and the MENA Region /Laura Westra.

Includes bibliographies and index.

"In the past migrations opened the world to knowledge, science, and understanding among peoples, but increasingly migrants are viewed with disfavour and even hate, especially in the Mediterranean Basin and the MENA Region. I had published with two other scholars a book intended to promote the rights of migrants in 2015, but today the situation has become so much worse, particularly in our chosen area, that I believe the time has come to re-examine the situation. A number of issues conspire to render the fate of migrants truly desperate, as they are forced to leave their lands that, due to the increasingly grave effects of climate change, can no longer feed and support them and their families, while the ongoing conflicts in the area render their situation truly unlivable. In addition, in the last few years, extreme right-wing political parties in Europe have conspired to treat people of different colour, ethnicity, or religion as unworthy of the respect due to all human beings. In 2019 a further disaster struck the whole world, a pandemic that imposed particularly harsh conditions to migrants, who were clearly unable to practice social distance and who found themselves in situations where testing, medicines and even sufficient food and water were not available. There are important aspects of this work that have global applications beyond the focus area we have chosen, such as the spread of racism, the fostering of conflicts to advance the interests of powerful countries, the dangerous spread of populism with fascist tendencies, and the spread of imperialism. Most of all, there is a lesson to be learned: walls to exclude and separate people provide no solutions for any of the grave problems we all face. Such problems can be solved all together or not at all; what is needed is a concentrated effort to acknowledge our need for each other, as only a belief in the true brotherhood of all can help"--

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Migrations Through the Mediterranean Sea -- Abstract -- 1. An Asymmetrical Right -- 2. The Rights of Irregular Migrants and Refugees -- 3. Two Cases Relating to Irregular Migrants through the Mediterranean Sea -- Conclusion -- Introduction -- Part One -- Chapter 1: Climate Change and the Plight of Migrants- Five Years Later -- Chapter 2: Land Grabs: The Other Crime against Humanity -- Chapter 3: The Geopolitical Situation in the Mediterranean Basin and the MENA Region: The Worst Dangers for Migrants and Refugees

Chapter 4: The COVID-19 Pandemic: Migrants and Refugees Fight for Survival -- Part Two -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Part One -- Chapter 1 -- Climate Change and the Plight of Migrants-Five Years Later -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Migrants and Refugees in the Mediterranean Basin -- 3. The Ongoing Effects of Colonization and the Bottom Billion -- 4. Food and Climate Change: A Neglected Issue -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2 -- Land Grabs: The Other Crime Against Humanity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From Theory to the Reality of Land Grabs -- Land Grabs, Indigenous Peoples and the Third World -- Chapter 3

The Geopolitical Situation in the Mediterranean Basin and the MENA Region: The Worst Dangers for Migrants and Refugees -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fascism in Italy and the Migrants and Refugees -- 3. Migrants, Refugees and their Rights -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 -- The COVID-19 Pandemic: Migrants' and Refugees' Fight for Survival -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Migrants and Refugees in Their Fight for Survival -- 3. The Principles of the UN and the Grave Obstacles Faced by Migrants and Refugees -- 3.1. The United Nations-Its Principles, Purposes and Mandates -- 3.2. Can SC Resolution be Challenged?

4. Beyond Colonization in the Mediterranean Basin and the MENA Region and the Protection of Refugees and Migrants -- Part Two -- Chapter 5 -- North Africa and the Venus 'Squint': About the Italian Migration Policies and the Need for Security -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Europe and the Venus 'Squint' -- 3. The Origin of the Problem -- 4. The Constitutional Framework -- 5. The Italian Political Squint and the Immigration Issues -- 6. The Dream of "Security" against the Dream of a Land

7. The Italian Consolidated Law on Immigration (TUI) in the Light of the New Provisions of the cc. dd. Security Decrees -- 8. The Judgment of the Constitutional Court on the "First" Security Decree -- 9. The Recognition of the Human Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court -- 10. The Organization of the Reception Facilities for Migrants -- 11. The Unfinished Story: the Change of Direction and the Abolition of the Salvini Decree -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- European Legal Regimes for the Protection of Migrants and Refugees in 2020 -- 1. Introduction

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