The withdrawal of the China Inland Mission from China, and the redeployment to new fields in East Asia / David Anthony Huntley. [print]

Table of Contents -- Introduction-Scope, Questions and Rationale of this Study -- Background: The Redeployment of the China Inland Mission -- Problem and Purpose of the Study: Lack in Existing Literature -- Research Problem -- Questions to be Answered -- Main Questions -- Subsidiary Questions -- Review of Literature: External Sources -- The CIM's Own Sources -- The Millions, CIM-OMF Magazine -- The CIM-OMF's own Archives: London Council Minutes -- China Council Minutes -- CIM-OMF Archives-Singapore -- Minutes of the Overseas Council (former China Council) -- Weekly HQ Staff Meetings in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore -- Correspondence with Missionaries and Directors etc in the Last Years in China -- Country Surveys, Recommendations for-or against-work in each -- CIM News-Fornightly Duplicated Letter -- Overseas Bulletin in the OMF's In-house Quarterly Magazine -- Writer's Conversations with Individuals -- Abbreviations, Terminologn5050y, Nomenclature and Personalia.

Thesis (Ph.D) - Trinity Theological Seminary and University of Liverpool, 2002.

Section I. Outline

Section II. The Background Situation in China

China-Understanding the Background Setting -- The Background Before the CIM's Withdrawal -- Where did the CIM fit among other societies? -- China Inland Mission-Understanding the Background Setting -- The CIM: in what respects was it sui generis? -- Founding in 1865 -- Inland China; the Spiritual and Humanitarian Missionary Mandates -- Understanding the CIM's Faith Principles -- Home Centres -- What was meant by director rule? -- What is meant by interdenominational but not undenominational? -- Eccumenical Relationships-Apparent Contradiction? -- Two Streams -- Earlier Harmony -- An Example -- An Affirmation -- The CIM-OMF Philosophy of Church Structures in Asia-Was this a CIM denomination? -- Identification with Chinese-Unique or Not? -- What were the CIM's recruitment qualifications for missionary service? -- Development after WWII -- East Asia -- What was the CIM's theological position? -- The CIM and Missiology -- Summing Up -- Understanding the In-House Ethos -- What was unique about the CIM-OMF's in-house ethos? -- Outsourcing -- Marriage -- Ambivalence on In-house ethnic/racial principles -- The In-house Ethos: A Family with Loyalty to the Leader -- The Ethos of Trust -- The In-house Ethos and all-CIM Management -- Edcuation of Missionaries' Children: Chefoo School in China -- Summing Up -- CIM-How did thinking develop as Communism emerged? -- Deja-Vu? -- Nationalists and Comunists, Attitudes of the Nationalist politicians -- Understanding the Initial Attractiveness of Communism -- China and the Exodus from China -- Attitudes of Communists to Individual Missionaries -- Diminishing Hopes of "Sitting It Out" under Communism -- The Initial Attitude of the CIm -- Summing Up.

Section III. China to East Asia

CIM-The Unexpected Expulsion -- Why were the CIM, alone among missions, so confident that they would be able to stay in China? -- Bishiop Houghton's confidence in the Nationalist government -- The Communists start to make their stance clear -- Further Optimism -- Communication between CIM leaders becomes constricted -- No more new missionaries to sail for China; first definite thinking about service in South East Asia -- The Withdrawal becomes inevitable -- Headquarters managing without the General Director -- China operations close down -- Turning from China to East Asia-Positive and Negative Feelings -- Explaining the withdrawal to Western supporters -- Did the Chinese feel that the CIM had failed or betrayed them? -- Summing Up -- Understanding hte Kalorama and Hong Kong Conferences -- Taking-in the radical change -- The Kalorama Conference, Melbourne, February 1951 -- Attitudes of the Communists -- Redeployment gains acceptance -- Education of missionaries' children-future possibilities -- Associate Missions -- Headquarters relocated -- Survey teams for East Asia -- A short-term retrospect-and the trauma -- A new name? -- Hon gKog-the China Council May 1951 -- Back in London -- Asian Missionary Societies -- Summing Up -- Bournemouth Conference -- Novemeber-December 1951 -- Surveys for redeployment -- Joint endeavours with other organisations? -- Medical Ministry -- Bishipo Frank Houghton's resignation-becomes Consulting Director -- Director Rule again -- In retrospect: management ideas -- Summing Up -- The Withdrawal-a Once-Only change? -- Would the CIM's withdrawal ever reverse itself? Would the CIM ever re-enter the mainland? -- Redeployment in Asia-would this be unevangelised China all over again? -- Modernising the In-house Ethos -- Summing Up -- Postscript -- OMF-Realising Post-China Changes -- Changes: Same mission, new patterns -- The CIM-OMF as learners: learning about South East Asia -- Starting in rural areas without a town base -- CIM-OMF workers serving alone -- The General Director-functions, responsibilities and deputies -- Missionary children's schooling in the New Fields -- Summing Up.

Section IV. The CIM's Thinking in a New Light

OMF-Retrospect on Communism -- Negative views -- Neutral views -- Cautiously positive assessments -- Missionaries of two schools: (i) God is at work and (ii) the Lord will over-rule -- What kind of "liberation?" -- Homeside public statements about China -- Summing Up -- OMF-New Fields-Indigenous Principles -- What is meant by the missiological term "indigenous?" -- Roland Allen; "foreign-ness" -- Possible church types to be planted and their potential "indigeneity" -- What is an indigenous church? -- How does a church become indigenous? -- The CIM in the New Fields: church structures -- What were the three patterns of indigenisation under OMF? -- As part of a denomination -- Linked with a denomination -- Independently existing of any denomination -- Summing Up and Latourette's cautious warning -- The Redeployment of the CIM's Anglican Mission -- Understanding the Remarkable precedent: Anglican bishops in an interdenominational mission -- Bishops Cassels -- Bishop Houghton -- How did the CIM gain acceptance as an Anglican mission? -- "Moving" the Anglican Field from China to Malaya-unforseen differences -- The OMF and Bishop Baines-Bishop of Singapore -- The American post-China view -- Was Perak like China or quite different? -- Why did not he OMF Anglican field dialogue with the Docese to resolve their dilemma? -- An interesting restrospect on the OMF's entry to Malaya -- The loss among ordained leadership -- Was OMF service an unsatisfying ministry for a well-trained minister? -- What might have been in retrospect -- Summing Up.

Section V. Understanding hte Move Into Asia: OMF-New Fields

China -- By 1951 clearly China was closed -- Broadcasting -- OMF's China Programme, now China Ministries -- A return to China? -- Summing Up -- Hong Kong -- The emergency transit centre -- A strong Chinese church -- Chinese literature: Christian Witness Press -- OMF Hong Kong: back to church life -- Summing Up -- Hong Kong oas a sending Church -- Singapore -- New Fields: Singapore -- The move -- Why was the post-China HQ moved to Singapore? -- The Headquarters -- OMF ministry in Singapore-seminary teaching -- Limited Ministry of OMF in Churches-why did policy change toward local church ministry? -- The Malays of Singapore-was this a window of opportunity for Malays elsewhere? -- Understanding Singaporean langauges; the emergence of English as a Singaporean language -- Doubts about English language medium schooling -- What is the response of Singapore churches tot he worldwide Great Commission? -- Summing Up -- Postscript re understanding Singapore-Malay languages -- Malaya -- The OMF discovers Malaya -- Understanding why the New Villages were an open door for missionaries -- The positive welcome from the Government -- The Malays -- Life in Malaya-both like and unlike China -- Initial Survey by CIM missionaries -- Initial church contacts in Malaya -- OMF South Malayan Field; Johore up to and excluding Slim River, Perak -- The "Missions Stations" become Churches -- An assessment of the South Malaya strategy-later integration with existing churches -- OMF North Malayan Field-North: Perak State and Northwards -- North Malaya: the Special Case for paid Nationals -- An assessment of the early strategy-North: integration with the Diocese -- Summing Up -- Taiwan: Minimal publicity; part of China; welcome from existing churches -- Taiwan: a real part of China-- Mainland Perceptions of OMF service in Taiwan -- Positive results from the survey -- Taiwan: two Chinese tongues -- Summing Up -- Indonesia -- What did the initial surveys find? -- The visa problem -- A welcome by the Chinese -- Chinese in Kalimantan -- A Welcome from the Council of Churches; Literature, visa problem solved -- Ministry among Muslims -- Summing Up -- Japan -- To the North, Hokkaido island -- Language -- Summing Up -- Thailand -- General -- Coping with a totally new culture -- Initial visits and contacts -- Other inter-mission factors -- Proposed Evangelical Fellowship of Thailand -- Lookinng at the northern Hills -- Central Thailand (i) medical -- Central Thailand (ii) churchplanting -- South Thailand -- Summing Up -- Philippines -- Initial Contacts with Filipino Chinese -- Broadcasting -- Manila-the capital -- Problems of legal status -- The Surveys are completed -- OMF plans to enter Tribal ministry -- Possible medical ministries -- To the Filipino lowlands -- Summing Up -- XMHD and FEBC; How did CIM & OMF relate to Christian broadcasting? -- Radio XMHD Shanghai: early beginnings in Shanghai -- FEBC Radio International, transmissions into China etc. -- Norman Blake and other OMFers -- "Portable Missionaries" -- Summing Up -- Overflow Fields-to which the OMF did not immediately go -- Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) -- India -- Indo-China -- Burma -- Korea -- North Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei, British North Borneo (Sabah) -- More distant regions -- Summing Up.

Section Virgin Islands Summing Up

Summing Up -- Established precedent, stability, and radical change -- Adapting to change and uncertainty -- Two major patterns of ministry emerged -- Work under existing churches and organisations -- Work in totally unchurched areas independently-as in China -- The Homesides -- Completing the story.

Section Virgin IslandsI. Appendices

Timeline -- Bibliography -- Graph of CIM-OMF membership numbers -- Index -- Vita.

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