Foreword I; Foreword II; Preface; Background and Motivation; Main Aims of This Book; Construction of This Book; Final Remarks; Contents; Glossary Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Backgrounds; 1.2 Major Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements; 1.3 Surface Finishes Versus Slip Resistance Performance; 1.4 Wear Development Versus Slip Resistance Performance; 1.5 Optimal Floor Surface Finishes; 1.6 Major Significances and Contributions; 1.7 Specific Aims; 1.8 Limitations; 1.9 Summary; References 2 Pedestrian Fall Incidence and Slip Resistance Measurements2.1 Brief Overview of Slip and Fall Incidences; 2.2 Injuries Owing to Slips and Falls; 2.3 Improvements of Fall Prevention; 2.4 Factors Influencing Pedestrian Fall Incidence; 2.4.1 Intrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.2 Extrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.3 Mechanics of Human Walking; 2.5 Human Gait and Its Impacts on Fall Incidents; 2.6 Observation of Human Gait ; 2.7 Gait Analysis and Fall Risk Prediction; 2.8 Measuring Devices for Slip Resistance Properties; 2.8.1 Articulated Strut Devices; 2.8.2 Drag and Towed-Sled Devices 2.8.3 Pendulum Type Devices2.8.4 Other Type Devices; 2.8.5 Slip Measuring Testers Used in This Book; 2.8.6 Comparisons of Slip Measuring Devices; 2.9 Testing Standards and Safety Criteria for Slip Resistance Performance; 2.9.1 Slip Resistance Test Methods and Safety Criteria; 2.9.1.1 The Pendulum Slip Resistance Tester; 2.9.1.2 Tortus Digital Tribometer; 2.9.1.3 BOT 3000 Slip Tester; 2.9.1.4 Variable Angle Ramp; 2.9.1.5 SlipAlert Slip Tester; 2.9.2 Undependable Test Methods and Removed Standards; 2.9.2.1 ASTM C1028-07; 2.9.2.2 Brungraber Mark II (PIAST) and English XL (VIT) Tribometers 2.9.3 Clean and Dry and Wet Slip Resistance Measurements2.9.3.1 Importance of Dry Slip Resistance Measurement; 2.9.3.2 The Sine Qua Non for Slip Safety Assessments; 2.10 Relationships Between Human Gait and Slip Resistance Properties; 2.11 Chapter Summary; References; 3 Pedestrian Slip Resistance Measurements: Verities and Challenges; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Brief Overview; 3.3 Theoretical Backgrounds; 3.4 Mislead Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements; 3.5 Definition of a COF; 3.6 Friction Development Between Two Solid Surfaces; 3.7 What Does a COF Quantity Mean?-Misconception and Restraint 3.8 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 13.9 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 2; 3.10 Issues of Frictional Force and Heel Strike Angle; 3.10.1 Frictional Force; 3.10.2 Heel Strike Angle; 3.11 Maintenance Issues; 3.12 Conclusions; 3.13 Chapter Summary; References; 4 Tribological Approaches for the Pedestrian Safety Measurements and Assessments; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Tribo-Physical Approaches; 4.2.1 Overview; 4.2.2 Limitations and Issues; 4.2.3 Main Problems ; 4.3 Studies on Surface Roughness Measurements; 4.3.1 Background; 4.3.2 Measuring Devices for Surface Roughness
This book examines pedestrian shoe-floor slip resistance from an engineering standpoint in order to better understand friction and wear behavior. This analysis includes an extensive investigation into the surface properties of shoes and flow, and the measurement of dynamic friction and other mechanical and physical aspects of shoe-floor tribology. Lastly, the book proposes a measurement concept for the identification and classification of operational floor surfaces under a range of different conditions. Novel techniques and methods are proposed that can improve the reliability of slip resistance assessments. The current state of knowledge is critically examined and discussed from a tribological perspective, including aspects like friction, wear, lubrication and the mechanical behavior of shoes, floors and their wider environment. Further, the book reports on extensive experimental investigations into the topographical characteristics of shoe and floor surfaces and how they affect slip resistance. Slips resulting in pedestrian falls are a major cause of injuries and deaths for all age groups. This important book provides essential insights for researchers, practicing engineers and public safety officials wishing to learn about how the risk of pedestrian slips can be assessed and understood.