Pacifism : a philosophy of nonviolence / Robert L. Holmes.

Includes bibliographies and index.

Cover; Half Title; Series; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Acknowledgments; Introduction; Part 1; 1 Reconceptualizing War; 1.1 Absolute war; 1.2 The interests of the people, the interests of the state and the interests of the people who rule the state; 1.3 Absolute violence; 1.4 Between war and peace; 1.5 Cyberwar and robotics; 1.6 Toward an ontology of war; 1.7 Paradoxes of war; 1.8 War, warfare and warmaking; 1.9 Synoptic war; 1.10 Conclusion; 2 The Presumption against War; 2.1 The ends of morality and warfare; 2.2 War and killing; 2.3 Act types and act tokens.

2.4 The presumptive wrongness of deliberately killing persons2.5 Is some wrongdoing inescapable?; 2.6 Intrinsic and extrinsic wrongness; 2.7 The presumptive wrongness of warfare; 2.8 Possible objections; 2.9 The presumptive wrongness of whole war; 2.10 The burden of proof; 2.11 Conclusion; 3 Realism and War; 3.1 Hard and soft realism; 3.2 Descriptive, necessitarian and normative realism; 3.3 Can it be immoral to act morally?; 3.4 War and morality; 3.5 Value language and deontic language; 3.6 Synoptic war neither right nor wrong; 3.7 Warfare always subject to moral assessment.

3.8 Micro- and macroethics3.9 Collective ethics a category mistake; 3.10 Conclusion; Part 2; 4 Augustine on Ethics and War; 4.1 Augustine and the just war tradition; 4.2 Was Augustine a private pacifist?; 4.3 Augustine's subjectivism; 4.4 Motives and right conduct; 4.5 Private pacifism and clean hands; 4.6 Augustine's authoritarianism; 4.7 Killing out of obedience; 4.8 Conclusion; 5 Anatomy of the Just War Theory; 5.1 Just war tradition and just war theory; 5.2 Moral war theory; 5.3 Just war internalism and externalism; 5.4 What does jus ad bellum entitle one to do?

5.5 Intention, double effect and deliberate wartime killing5.6 Right intention and the resort to war; 5.7 Right intention and individual combatants; 5.8 Just war theory's further implications; 5.9 License to kill; 5.10 Conclusion; 6 Self-Defense and the Alleged Moral Equality of Soldiers; 6.1 War and self-defense; 6.2 A Walzerian argument for the "moral equality" of soldiers; 6.3 Personal self-defense; 6.4 Self-.defense as a moral concept; 6.5 Self-.defense and the presumptive wrongness of killing; 6.6 Personal and collective self-defense; 6.7 Defending a common life.

6.8 Self-.defense and liability6.9 Self-defense and just cause; 6.10 Potential soldiers and their "epistemic duties"; 6.11 Conclusion; 7 Just Cause and the Killing of Innocents; 7.1 Killing innocents inherent in warfare; 7.2 Killing and letting die; 7.3 Intentional and foreseeable killing; 7.4 The Counterfactual Test; 7.5 A differential restriction; 7.6 Incidental harms; 7.7 Hypothetical cases; 7.8 Does a just cause entitle one to kill innocents?; 7.9 The Nazi and the just warrior; 7.10 Infringement and disrespectful violation of rights; 7.11 Do good motives suffice?; 7.12 Conclusion; Part 3.

In a world riven with conflict, violence and war, this book proposes a philosophical defense of pacifism. It argues that there is a moral presumption against war and unless that presumption is defeated, war is unjustified. Leading philosopher of nonviolence Robert Holmes contends that neither just war theory nor the rationales for recent wars (Vietnam, the Gulf War, the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars) defeat that presumption, hence that war in the modern world is morally unjustified. A detailed, comprehensive and elegantly argued text which guides both students and scholars through the main debates (Just War Theory and double effect to name a few) clearly but without oversimplifying the complexities of the issues or historical examples.

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