The soul of the American university : from Protestant establishment to established nonbelief / George M. Marsden.

Includes bibliographies and index.

God and Buckley at Yale (1951) -- Henry Sloane Coffin's Yale (1897) -- A "Christian college"? The Yale of Noah Porter and William Graham Sumner (1879-1881). The establishment of Protestant nonsectarianism : The burden of Christendom: seventeenth-century Harvard -- The new queen of the sciences and the new Republic -- Two kinds of secterianism -- A righteous consensus, Whig style. Defining the American university in a scientific age : American practicality and Germanic ideals: two visions for reform -- The Christian legacy in the epoch of science -- Positive Christianity versus Positivism at Noah Porter's Yale -- California: revolution without much ideology -- Methodological secularization and its Christian rationale at Hopkins -- Liberal Protestantism at Michigan: New England intentions with Jeffersonian results -- Harvard and the religion of humanity -- Holding the line at Princeton -- Making the world safe from the traditionalist establishment -- The low-church idea of a university. When the tie no longer binds : The trouble with the old-time religion -- The elusive ideal of academic freedom -- The Fundamentalist menace -- The obstacles to a Christian presence -- Outsiders -- Searching for a soul -- A church with the soul of a nation -- Liberal Protestantism without Protestantism.

Only a century ago, almost all state universities held compulsory chapel services, and some required Sunday church attendance as well. In fact, state-sponsored chapel services were commonplace until the World War II era, and as late as the 1950s, it was not unusual for leading schools to refer to themselves as "Christian" institutions. Today, the once pervasive influence of religion in the intellectual and cultural life of America's preeminent colleges and universities has all but vanished. In The Soul of the American University, George Marsden explores how, and why, these dramatic changes occurred. Far from a lament for a lost golden age when mainline Protestants ruled American education, The Soul of the American University offers a penetrating critique of that era, surveying the role of Protestantism in higher education from the founding of Harvard in the 1630s through the collapse of the WASP establishment in the 1960s. Marsden tells the stories of many of our pace-setting universities at defining moments in their histories, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, the University of Michigan, Johns Hopkins, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. He recreates the religious feuds that accompanied Yale's transition from a flagship evangelical college to a university, and the dramatic debate over the place of religion in higher education between Harvard's President Charles Eliot and Princeton's President James McCosh. Marsden's analysis ranges from debates over Darwinism and higher criticism of the Bible, to the roles of government and wealthy contributors, the impact of changing student mores, and even the religious functions of college football. He argues persuasively that the values of "liberalism" and "tolerance" that the establishment championed and used to marginalize Christian fundamentalism and Roman Catholicism eventually and perhaps inevitably led to its own disappearance from the educational milieu, as nonsectarian came to mean exclusively secular. While the largely voluntary disestablishment of religion may appear in many respects commendable, Marsden believes that it has nonetheless led to the infringement of the free exercise of religion in most of academic life. In effect, nonbelief has been established as the only valid academic perspective. In a provocative final chapter, Marsden spells out his own prescription for change, arguing that just as the academy has made room for feminist and multicultural perspectives, so should there be room once again for traditional religious viewpoints. A thoughtful blend of historical narrative and searching analysis, The Soul of the American University exemplifies what it advocates: that religious perspectives can provide a legitimate contribution to the highest level of scholarship.

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