Society & Its Environment

Includes bibliographies and index.

Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgements; Introduction; 1 Environment and environmental problems; 1.1 Interaction between 'environment' and 'society'; 1.2 Environmental problems; 1.3 Types of environmental problems; 1.3.1 Exhaustion; 1.3.2 Pollution; 1.3.3 Environmental disturbance; 1.4 Causes of environmental problems; 1.4.1 Population growth; 1.4.2 Quantity of environmental utilization; 1.4.3 Quality of environmental utilization; 1.4.4 Carrying capacity; 1.5 Interests, values and reactions to environmental problems; 1.5.1 Interests; 1.5.2 Values; 1.5.3 Reactions; 2 History.

2.1 A problem down to all ages?2.2 Evolution of modes of production; 2.2.1 Hunting and gathering societies; 2.2.2 Agrarian societies; 2.2.3 Intermezzo: irrigation and power; 2.2.4 Industrial societies; 2.3 Environment and modernization; 2.3.1 Population growth; 2.3.2 Growth of energy consumption; 2.3.3 Limits to growth; 2.4 Growth and scarcity; 2.5 Social limits; 2.6 The information revolution; 3 Geography; 3.1 Variety and scale; 3.2. Geographical variety; 3.2.1 Market economies; 3.2.2 Planned economies; 3.2.3 Developing countries; 3.2.4 Societies in transition.

3.3 Spatial scale of environmental problems3.4 Space and time; 3.5 Direct and indirect transboundary effects; 3.6 Sustainable development; 4 Culture and civilization; 4.1 Historical roots and contemporary dilemmas; 4.2 The domination of nature; 4.2.1 Alienation: when did it start?; 4.2.2 Christianity; 4.2.3 Enlightenment; 4.3 Anti-capitalist ideologies; 4.3.1 Industrial capitalist society and its opponents; 4.3.2 Communism; 4.3.3 Anarchism; 4.3.4 Conservatism; 4.3.5 Fascism; 4.3.6 Contemporary relevance of past ideologies; 4.4 Science and respect for nature; 4.5 Civilizing processes.

4.5.1 Civilization and control4.5.2 Control of intrahuman events; 4.5.3 Control of interhuman events; 4.5.4 Control of environmental events; 4.5.5 The ideal of a civil society; 4.6 Romantic and civilized environmentalism; 4.7 Which nature should be protected?; 4.8 Which environmental risks are threatening?; 4.9 Continuing controversies; 4.9.1 Ecocentrism versus anthropocentrism; 4.9.2 Steering versus engineering; 4.9.3 Limits versus growth; 4.9.4 Free nature versus prized products; 5 Social dilemmas; 5.1 The essence of environmental problems: Transfer of disadvantages.

5.1.1 Geographical separation5.1.2 Separation over time; 5.1.3 Individual advantages versus collective disadvantages; 5.2 Costs which are not reflected in prices; 5.2.1 External costs; 5.2.2 Uncertainty about the costs to society; 5.3 The environment as a collective good; 5.3.1 The nature of collective goods; 5.3.2 Economic valuation; 5.4 Social dilemmas; 5.4.1 The 'tragedy of the commons'; 5.4.2 Hobbes' State of Nature; 5.5 Games theory and society; 5.6 Basic types of social dilemmas; 5.7 Environmental dilemmas; 5.7.1 Inclusive versus exclusive goods; 5.7.2 Continuous and 'lumpy' goods.

5.7.3 The origin of dilemmas.

First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor and Francis, an informa company.

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