Developing multicultural counseling competence : a systems approach / edited by] Danica G. Hays, Bradley T. Erford.

SECTION FOUR: Multicultural Conceptualization -- Chapter 17: Alternative Approaches to Counseling Theories / Jonathan J. Orr -- Preview -- Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling Theory -- Worldview Shaping Counseling -- Transition from Worldview to Theory -- Alternative Sources of Theory in Multicultural Counseling -- Applications of Counseling Theory across Cultures -- Traditional Theoretical Approaches to Counseling -- Culturally Responsive Use of Traditional Theories -- Culturally Responsive Counseling Theories -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 18: Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization / Stephanie J.W. Ford -- Preview -- The Challenge of Ethical Practice -- Cultural Validity in Assessment -- Normal versus Abnormal -- Overdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Misdiagnosis -- Sampling Bias -- Culture and Psychopathology -- Feminist Challenges -- Prevalence Data of Diagnoses by Gender -- Developmental Shifts in Prevalence Rates -- Sex Bias in Diagnosis -- Socialization and Mental Health -- Social Conditions -- Toward Solutions -- Comprehensive Assessment -- Universal and Culturally Specific Diagnoses -- Other Culturally Astute Strategies -- Feminist Analysis -- Function of Symptoms in Context -- Relational (and Other Theoretical) Systems of Diagnosis -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 19: Themes and Future Directions in Multicultural Counseling Theory, Ethics, Practice, and Research / Jennifer E. Randall -- Preview -- Moving toward Multicultural Competence -- Themes in Cultural Identity Development -- Themes in Social Advocacy and Oppression -- Themes in Cultural Diversity -- Themes in Multicultural Conceptualization -- Where Do We Go From Here? Future Directions for Developing Multicultural Competence -- Future Directions in Multicultural Counseling Theory -- Future Directions in Multicultural Counseling Practice -- Future Directions in Multicultural Counseling Research -- Summary -- Review Questions.

SECTION ONE: The Foundations of Multicultural Counseling -- Chapter 1: The Culturally Competent Counselor / Amy L. McLeod -- Preview -- The Culturally Competent Counselor -- U.S. Demographics -- What Is Multicultural Counseling? -- Culture -- Cultural Encapsulation -- Individualism and Collectivism -- Race and Ethnicity -- Generational Status -- Gender -- Sexual Orientation -- Socioeconomic Status -- Disability -- Spirituality -- Advocacy, Privilege, arid Oppression -- Worldview -- Integrating and Contextualizing Multicultural Counseling Concepts -- The Role of Communication in Multicultural Counseling -- Verbal Communication -- Nonverbal Communication -- Emotional Expression -- Communication Patterns of Clients and Counselors -- Context and Multicultural Counseling -- Prejudice and Discrimination -- Immigration -- Acculturation -- Interpersonal Violence and Trauma -- Culture and the Counseling Process -- Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence -- A Systems Approach to Multicultural Counseling Competence -- Considerations in Multicultural Counseling -- Social Justice and Advocacy Issues -- Improved Practice -- Etic versus Emic Debate -- Within-Group Differences versus Between-Group Differences -- Underuse of Services -- Conflicting Cultural Values -- Social Stigma -- Mistrust of the Counseling Profession -- Misdiagnosis -- Inaccessibility of Services -- Resistance to Multiculturalism -- Addressing Key Multicultural Considerations -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 2: Cultural Identity Development / Cheryl Moore-Thomas -- Preview -- Key Concepts -- Culture, Race, and Ethnicity -- Enculturation and Acculturation -- Cultural Identity Development and Worldview -- Racial and Ethnic Identity Development -- Racial Identity Models -- Phinney's Model of Ethnic Identity -- Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development -- Addressing Racial and Ethnic Identity in Counseling -- Gender and Sexual Identity Development -- Gender Identity Models -- Sexual Identity Models -- Spiritual and Faith Identity Development -- Fowler's Model of Faith Development -- Parks's Model of Spiritual Identity -- Poll and Smith's Model of Spiritual Identity -- Addressing Spiritual Identity in Counseling -- Summary -- Review Questions ;

SECTION THREE: Counseling Multicultural Populations -- Chapter 9: Individuals and Families of African Descent / Malik S. Henfield -- Preview -- Individuals and Families of African Descent -- Terminology -- African American History -- Discrimination Experiences -- Black Racial Identity -- Acculturation -- African American Culture and Values -- Families of African Descent -- Couples of African Descent -- Interracial Couples -- Children of African Descent -- Black Middle-Class Persons and Mental Health -- Gender -- Black Elderly Individuals -- Black Gays and Lesbians -- General Mental Health Issues of African Descent Individuals -- Common Support Systems for Individuals of African Descent -- An Afrocentric Psychological Perspective -- NTU Psychotherapy -- Pros and Cons of Traditional (Eurocentric) Counseling Approaches with Clients of African Descent -- Client-Centered Counseling -- Psychodynamic Counseling -- Adlerian Counseling -- Guidelines for Work with Clients of African Descent -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 10: Individuals and Families of Arab Descent / Rasha H. -- Mohamed -- Preview -- Arab American Heterogeneity -- Contemporary Social Perceptions and Discrimination Experiences -- Arab American Culture and Values -- Collectivism -- Religion and Faith -- Education, Work, and Economic Status -- Communication Styles -- Individual Differences and Identities -- Acculturation -- Ethnicity -- Gender Identity -- Risks and Resiliencies: Mental Health Issues Among Arab Americans -- Oppression and Discrimination -- Acculturative Stress -- Ethnic and Gender Identity Development -- Other Psychosocial Issues -- Considerations for Counseling Arab Americans -- Approach -- Family and Community Involvement -- Stigmas and Help-Seeking Behaviors -- Vignettes Revisited -- Counseling Considerations Endnote -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 11: Individuals and Families of Asian Descent / Alvin N. Alvrez -- Preview -- Asian American History -- Contemporary Forms of Discrimination and Stereotypes -- Asian American Heterogeneity -- Asian American Culture and Values -- Family -- Gender Roles -- Interpersonal Relationships -- Intimacy and Marriage -- Education -- Religion -- Death and Dying -- Individual Differences and Identities -- Immigration, Enculturation, and Acculturation -- Ethnicity and Race -- Gender Roles -- Sexuality and Sexual Identity -- General Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Asian Descent -- Psychopathology -- Help-Seeking and Coping -- Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Asian Descent -- Counselor Self-Assessment -- Counseling Process -- Conceptualization of the Problem -- Intervention -- Outreach and Nonclinical Visibility -- Social Advocacy and Social Justice -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 12: Individuals and Families of Latin Descent / Jose A. Villalba -- Preview -- A Latin American History Primer -- Latin American Heterogeneity -- Mexicans -- Puerto Ricans -- Cubans -- Caribbean Hispanics/Latinas/os, Central and South Americans -- Latin American Culture and Values -- "Somos Imigrantes" ("We Are Immigrants") -- Language -- Religion and Spirituality -- Resiliency -- Gender Roles -- Families of Latin Descent -- Interpersonal Relationships -- Individual Differences and Identities -- Immigration Status -- Generational Status -- Socioeconomic Status -- Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Latin Descent -- Acculturative Stress -- Grief and Loss -- Additional Concerns -- Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Latin Descent -- Counseling Considerations for Children of Latin Descent -- Counseling Considerations for Adolescents of Latin Descent -- Counseling Considerations for Adults of Latin Descent -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 13: Counseling Native Americans / Barbara Kawulich -- Preview -- Understanding Native Americans: Reflections Down by the Riverside -- Native Americans Today -- Group Membership -- Native American History -- Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues -- Native American Sociocultural Characteristics in the United States Today -- Self-Determination and Sovereignty -- Federal and State Recognition -- Cultural Preservation -- Achievement Gap -- Gaming -- Tribal Resources -- Sacred Sites, Repatriation, and Reburial -- Mascot Issues -- Acculturation -- Native American Culture and Values -- Harmony and Balance -- Cultural Identity and the Tribal Nation -- Family -- Wisdom Keepers -- Humility -- Generosity -- Patience -- Time -- Communication Style -- Being -- Lessons of the Eagle Feather -- Guidelines for Counseling Native American Clients -- Identity, Family, and Acculturation -- Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression -- Drawing on Traditions -- Integrating Spirituality -- Values: Using the Rule of Opposites and Seeking Balance -- Communication -- Humor -- Practical Tribally Specific Interventions -- Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 14: Individuals and Families of European Descent / Bogusia Skudrzyk -- Preview -- European American History -- The Early Colonial Period -- European Immigration -- Terminology -- Development of a White American Ethnic Identity -- The Melting Pot -- The American Dream -- The Creation of an American Heritage -- Privilege, Oppression, and Ethnocentric Monoculturalism -- Who Gets to Be White? -- The Process of Becoming White -- European American Heterogeneity -- Recent European American Immigrants -- Immigrants, Undocumented Immigrants, and Refugees -- Immigration Stressors -- Acculturation and Identity Deconstruction -- Oppression and Discrimination -- Counseling Considerations for European Descent Individuals -- Mental Health Issues of White American Ethnic Clients -- Counseling White American Ethnic Clients -- Mental Health Issues of European Immigrants, Refugees, and International Students -- Counseling European Immigrants, Refugees, and International Students -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 15: Individuals and Families of Multiracial Descent / Mark E. Kenney -- Preview -- Terminology -- Historical Perspectives -- Interracial Marriages Today -- Multiracial Identity Development -- Contemporary Social Perceptions and Discrimination Experiences -- Individuals -- Couples -- Families -- Children -- Adolescents -- Emerging Adults -- Adults -- Considerations for Counseling Multiracial Individuals and Families -- Awareness -- Knowledge -- Skills -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 16: Spiritual Diversity / Amanda L. Giordano -- Preview -- Religion and Spirituality in America -- Spirituality and Religion Defined -- Toward Defining Spirituality -- Toward Defining Religion -- Relationships between Religion and Spirituality -- Overview of Major World Religions -- Eastern World Religions -- Western World Religions -- All Is One: Aspects Common to All Religions -- Tenet 1 Spirit, by Whatever Name, Exists -- Tenet 2 Spirit Is Found "in Here," within an Open Heart and Mind -- Tenet 3 Many/Most Don't Realize Spirit Within -- Tenet 4 There Is a Path to Liberation -- Tenet 5 If This Path Is Followed, the Result Is Rebirth or Enlightenment -- Tenet 6 Rebirth or Enlightenment Results in the End of Suffering -- Tenet 7 The End of Suffering Manifests in Social Actions of Mercy and Compassion -- Special Considerations for Counseling -- Approaching Client Spiritual Issues -- Ethical Competence -- Spiritual Bypass -- Aservic Competencies -- Summary -- Review Questions ;

SECTION TWO: Social Advocacy -- Chapter 3: Social Justice Counseling / Caroline O'Hara -- Preview -- Key Constructs to Understanding Social Advocacy -- Historical Context -- Social Injustice and Mental Health Issues -- Counselors as Social Advocates -- Advocacy Competencies -- Three-Tier Model of Social Advocacy -- Challenges and Benefits of Social Justice Counseling -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 4: Racism and White Privilege / Marc A. Grimmett -- Preview -- Historical Foundations of Race and Racism -- Social Construction of Race -- Defining Racism -- Costs of Racism for People of Color -- Cognitive Costs -- Affective Costs -- Interpersonal Costs -- Physical Costs -- White Privilege -- Costs of Racism for Whites -- Cognitive Costs -- Affective Costs -- Interpersonal Costs -- Whites' Psychological Responses to Racism and White Privilege -- Color-Blind Racial Attitudes -- Myth of Meritocracy -- Focus on Exceptions -- Psychological Dispositions of White Racism -- Eradicating Racism -- Counselor Self-Awareness -- Client Services -- Changing Systems -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 5: Gender and Sexism / Anneliese A. Singh -- Preview -- Defining Gender and Sexism -- Gender and Counseling Considerations -- Counseling Girls and Women -- Counseling Men -- Counseling Transgender Individuals -- Historical Context of Sexism -- World War II and Women's Return "Home" -- Historical Resistance to Sexism: The Feminist Movement -- Cultural Intersections of Gender -- African Americans -- Asian American/Pacific Islanders -- Latino(a)/Chicano(a) Americans -- Arab Americans -- Mental Health Consequences of Sexism -- Women and Depression -- Disordered Eating -- Physical Consequences of Sexism -- Social Consequences of Sexism -- Addressing Sexism in Counseling -- Resilience to Sexism and Social Justice -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 6: Sexual Orientation and Heterosexism / John Marszalek -- Preview -- Defining Sexual Orientation and Heterosexism -- Sexual Identity Development -- Gay Identity Development -- Lesbian Identity Development -- Bisexual Identity Development -- Heterosexism -- Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Demography -- Historical Context of Heterosexism -- Resistance to Heterosexism: The Stonewall Rebellion -- Current Attitudes toward LGBTQI Individuals -- LGBTQI Relationship Status and Family Issues -- Educational Status -- Heterosexism and Classism -- LGB Youth -- Age and Disclosure of Sexual Orientation -- Cultural Intersections of Sexual Orientation -- African Americans -- Asian Americans -- Latino Americans -- Native Americans -- Mental Health Consequences of Heterosexism -- Suicidal Behavior and Depression -- Stress and Self-Esteem -- LGBTQI Youth -- Physical Consequences of Heterosexism -- Substance Abuse -- HIV/AIDS -- Social Consequences of Heterosexism -- Socioeconomic Status -- Institutional Heterosexism -- Diminished Interpersonal Relationships -- Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Training and Clinical Practice -- Counseling Strategies for Addressing Heterosexism -- ALGBTIC Competencies -- Counselor Training -- Clinical Practice -- Counselors' Role in Creating a Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Society -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 7: Social Class and Classism / Kathryn S. Newton -- Preview -- Considering Social Class and Classism -- What Is Socioeconomic Status? -- What Is Classism? -- A "Classless Society"? -- Classicism, Racism, and Ethnocentrism -- Poverty and Mental Health -- Who Is Poor? -- Risk Factors and Mental Health Consequences -- Poverty: Perceptions and Identity -- Addressing Classism in Counseling -- Awareness -- Knowledge -- Skills -- Advocacy -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Chapter 8: Disability, Ableism, and Ageism / Debra E. Berens -- Preview -- Disability Defined -- Types of Disability -- Disability Statistics -- Models of Disability -- Variations on the Social Model of Disability -- Counseling Individuals with a Disability -- Ableism -- Disability, Ableism, and the Counseling Process -- Awareness -- Knowledge -- Skills -- Age Demographics -- Ageism -- Ageism and Older Americans -- Age, Ageism, and the Counseling Process -- Awareness -- Knowledge -- Skills -- Summary -- Review Questions ;

"Revised and updated to present the latest references and statistics related to theory, research, and practice with multicultural populations, this text continues to help graduate students become multiculturally competent counselors. Comprehensive, thoughtful, and in-depth, the book takes readers beyond general discussions of race and ethnicity, into the realm of a broader, more complex view of multiculturalism and social advocacy in clients' and trainees' lives."--Publisher's website.

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